… The beauty of flared fittings is the seal that is created when the fittings are tightened as the seal is not created by the thread, but by the contact between the two flared (or chamfered) surfaces. Provides line-by-line interpretations of the most commonly used ISO forms, plus practical advice for using nonstandard and manuscript forms. Garrels K, Kucharczyk W, Wortzman G et-al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a disease of the white matter of the brain, caused by a virus infection that targets cells that make myelin--the … Probable Maximum Loss (PML) — a property loss control term referring to the maximum loss expected at a given location in the event of a fire at that location, expressed in dollars or as a … It was enacted in 1985 and replaced the … 1989;173 (2): 517-20. Menu Search. Printer friendly. (2007) ISBN:0781761352. Learn More. White Matter Diseases with Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation. Radiographics. high cycle fatigue failure, mechanical failure, loss of lubricating/seal oil or major blade failure), while the “Property” scenario mainly deals with a fire loss affecting different parts of the plant possessing different severity levels. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease which results from the reactivation of John Cunningham virus (JC virus) infecting oligodendrocytes in patients with compromised immune systems. Radiographics. firewalls, nonflammable materials, flood defences etc.) 2012;15 (6): 609-12. In the presence of a corrosion pit, a magnetic flux leakage field forms outside the plate or pipe wall. Whiteman ML, Post MJ, Berger JR et-al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a disease of the white matter of the brain, caused by a virus infection that targets cells that make myelin--the … Information, Do Not Sell My Personal The probable maximum loss under a given insurance contract is that proportion [ lOO(m+k)%] of the limit of liability which with proba- bility P is greater than or equal to any loss covered by the contract, where m is the mean or “expected” proportion of loss. The group describes the PML as follows: "The PML is an estimate of the maximum loss which could be sustained by the insurers as a result of any one occurrence considered by the underwriter to be within the realms of probability. A magnet mounted on a carriage induces a strong magnetic field in the plate or pipe wall. Probable Maximum Loss estimates and Seismic Risks Assessments are used by property owners, tenants, investors, lenders and others to understand and control related risks. Maximum Foreseeable Loss (MFL) — the worst loss that is likely to occur because of a single event. Ann. Sarbu N, Shih RY, Jones RV et-al. Dallas, TX 75251-2266 It is considered the most common clinical manifestation of John Cunningham virus (JC) virus infection in the brain 7, and is seen in three clinical contexts: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is strongly associated with immunosuppressed states, and primary PML developing in an immunocompetent patient is very rare. Differences between the different constructs PLM, PML and ML were tested for significance with a one factorial (plate configuration) ANOVA and a subsequent posthoc Bonferroni test for flexion and extension direction (SPSS 14.0 Chicago, IL, USA); the … ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. 21. Predictive factors for prolonged survival in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. So how does the cedant do the allocations of the risk to treaty. That risk must be considered to be within the realms of probability. Neuroradiology, the requisites. 1) EML and PML are the same thing, Estimated Maximum Loss and Probable Maximum Loss – as is quite common in insurance they are different terms … MFL stands for Maximum Foreseeable Loss (insurance, especially property). Lesions tend to have a confluent, bilateral but asymmetrical supratentorial white matter and thalamic involvement 7. The M in MFL and the F in FFL simply stand for Male and Female. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS: are there any MR findings useful to patient management and predictive of patient survival? 17. The PML is defined as the largest estimated loss arising from a single event which was assessed with due care, tak ing into account all the elements of the risk .In order to estimate the PML for a risk, it is necessary to define a scenario in which a major fire occurs under reasonably adverse conditions. Faulkner M.Risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis.Expert Opin Drug Saf. PML is a rare, but serious condition. Post MJ, Yiannoutsos C, Simpson D et-al. in adverse fluctuations, those above the PML value. Given the need for immune reconstitution for control of JCV infection, the balance between immune response against JCV infection and immunosuppression to moderate IRIS can be challenging. MPL: the worst loss that could possibly occur because of a single event. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. AIDS Clinical Trials Group, 243 Team. Unable to process the form. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us\u0026email="}, {"containerId":"expandableQuestionsContainer","displayRelatedArticles":true,"displayNextQuestion":true,"displaySkipQuestion":true,"articleId":12098,"mcqUrl":"https://radiopaedia.org/articles/progressive-multifocal-leukoencephalopathy/questions/1347?lang=us"}. Typically seen as multifocal, asymmetric periventricular and subcortical involvement. 2009;72 (17): 1458-64. Asymmetric focal zones of low attenuation involving the periventricular and subcortical white matter. Neurology. ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads, Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. Treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may prolong survival, although in some instances this leads to PML-IRIS. However, the incidence of PML in the non-HIV setting is thought to be increasing 4,17: In addition to being seen in immunocompromised patients, it is also seen in patients whose immune function is recovering, and PML is one of the classic conditions encountered in immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) 16. Analysing the disconnect between the reinsurance submission and global underwriters’ needs Xiaoxuan ... • The paper outlines the differences between the acronyms MPL, MFL, PML, EML, NLE. We aim to define MRI characteristics that can aid in this differentiation. JC virus infection of the brain. 28 (7): 2033-58. PML lesions are secondary to progressive demyelination due to John Cunningham (JC) virus (usually reactivation) which infects oligodendrocytes. Check for errors and try again. (972) 960-7693 19. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. Other entities, recognizing the need to limit seismic risk while remaining competitive also adopted “PML” policies which were less defined. Thurnher MM, Post MJ, Rieger A et-al. Iranzo A, Moreno A, Pujol J et-al. Commercial Property Insurance. • If insureds are chronically underinsured: 1) Rates spiral up; 2) Insureds purchase lower limits; and 3) The property insurance mechanism falters. Hodecker SC, Stürner KH, Becker V, Elias-Hamp B, Holst B, Friese MA, et al. 16. Initial and follow-up MR imaging findings in AIDS-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. This document describes the difference between the MEC (Magnetic Eddy Current) technique and MFL (Magnetic Flux Leakage) technique, predominantly for the tank floor inspection application. Mosby Inc. (2003) ISBN:032300508X. Principle of MEC Technique The MEC (Magnetic Eddy Current) technique is the next generation and a further development of the Definition. 2001;22 (5): 977-84. 10. percentage of total values. 6. Tan CS, Koralnik IJ. Probable Maximum Loss (PML) A property loss control term referring to the maximum loss expected at a givenlocation in the event of a fire at that location, expressed in dollars or as apercentage of total values. The first of … © 2000-2021 International Risk Management Institute, Inc. (IRMI). This is in contradistinction to more symmetrical hypoattenuation seen in HIV encephalopathy. Case 3: in immunocompetent patient - rare, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, Immunodeficiency-associated CNS lymphomas, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) encephalitis, varicella zoster virus (VZV) encephalitis, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Brownell-Oppenheimer variant of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Heidenhain variant of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood, PML-d-IRIS: immune reconstitution worsens pre-existing PML, post-transplant: bone marrow or solid organ transplants, immunosuppressive monoclonal antibody therapy, such as natalizumab (an IgG monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of, visual symptoms (diplopia and hemianopia), seizure (as PML can also involve the grey matter in later stages), multiple punctate high T2 signal lesions surrounding the main area (, when enhancement is present, it may be associated with improved survival, most commonly seen in progressive non-IRIS PML, new demyelinating lesions in patients with, early in the disease MS and PML may appear similar, periventricular location or well-defined borders favor new MS lesions, HIV/AIDS encephalopathy: often diffuse white matter disease, with atrophy, symmetric, spares the subcortical U-fibers, differing clinical history (e.g. Tan K, Roda R, Ostrow L et-al. (2016) Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.). MPL (Maximum Possible Loss or Maximum ProbableLoss): Maximum Possible Loss is more akin to the MFL, while Maximum Probable Loss is similar to the PML concept. Gonçalves FG, Lamb L, Del Carpio-O'Donovan R. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy restricted to the posterior fossa in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. The PML also takes into account pure extra expenses used to retain customers. The predicted normalized MFL (calculated by using the formula, and minimum, median, and maximum x-values in Figure 5a and Figure 5b) values of the 12 muscles, which showed good correlation between the normalized [PML–AML] and normalized MFL values, ranged from 14.0 to 22.2%, which were more than the 10% fiber length variations suggested by Felder et al. Surely Molar amounts already take in to consideration amount of substance and volume it is in? From the archives of the AFIP: central nervous system infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection: radiologic-pathologic correlation. recent infection/vaccination). It is considered the most common clinical manifestation of John Cunningham virus (JC) virus infection in the brain 7, and is seen in three clinical contexts: 18. That’s Not a Huge Difference… You’re right. Possibleassumes no protection; probable is more likely, with some protection services operable. 1. There is little, or no mass effect or enhancement 10 and the subcortical U-fibers are commonly involved with a predilection for the parieto-occipital regions 17. Bezuidenhout AF, Andronikou S, Ackermann C, Du Plessis AM, Basson D, Bhadelia RA. The most frequently encountered symptoms include: The final diagnosis is established with brain biopsy (specificity: 100%, sensitivity: 65-95%). 14. Brant WE, Helms CA. The estimate can (and usually will) ignore any remote coincidences even if they are possible. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease which results from the reactivation of John Cunningham virus (JC virus) infecting oligodendrocytes in patients with compromised immune systems. In exchange for following sound forest management, the landowner pays reduced property taxes. Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) was first identified as a fusion partner with retinoic acid receptor alpha resulting from a chromosomal translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17 [1,2,3].Since then, evidence has accumulated that PML functions as a tumor suppressor [4, 5].In mammalian cells, PML is enriched in discrete nuclear substructures referred to PML nuclear bodies … For example, differences in how buildings in a similar location are constructed may respond to the same event differently (e.g., a brick building may fare better in a windstorm than one made of wood). All rights Natalizumab (Tysabri). Imaging of Central Nervous System Demyelinating Disorders. MFL is defined as Maximum Foreseeable Loss (insurance, especially property) frequently. MFL is a reference to a worst-case scenario, the largest hit … 6.2 MPL, PML, MFL, EML, TIV – A rose by any other name may not be the rose you think it is. In fact, even though subcortical U-fiber involvement is an important feature of lesions of multiple sclerosis, these are relatively uncommon and if new lesions have a subcortical U-fiber distribution, this favors PML 21. Mark AS, Atlas SW. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with AIDS: appearance on MR images. Neurol. 136 (Pt 11): 3441-50. MFL, WFL, and NSP refer to three types of light beam spread, or the nature of the distribution light produced by a lamp. 9 (4): 425-37. 2010;31 (9): 1564-76. However, isolated posterior fossa involvement has also been reported 15. (2005) (Table 6). Fax: (972) 371-5120 PML AND THE STABILITY OF A PORTFOLIO PML is used in at least two types of situations. 2016;36 (5): 1426-47. (800) 827-4242 Classically, PML occurred in patients with AIDS, typically developing in patients with CD4 counts of 50-100 cells/μL, and is found in approximately 5% of autopsies of patients who died from AIDS 2. However, basal ganglia, brainstem and cerebellum also can be involved. reserved. In contrast, a focal lesion appearance and lesions located in the periventricular white matter were strongly associated with new MS lesions instead of asymptomatic PML, which is not surprising since this type of lesion is one of the well-known stereotype MS lesions included in the MRI diagnostic criteria for MS.31 In our study, we found no significant difference in lesion intensity on T1, T2 or FLAIR images between asymptomatic PML … 1993;187 (1): 233-40. An array of sensors is positioned between the magnet poles to detect this flux leakage. The Beam Angle for a light bulb is the angle in degrees at which the light is distributed. Epub 2015 Sep 22. Wijburg MT, Witte BI, Vennegoor A, Roosendaal SD, Sanchez E, Liu Y, Martins Jarnalo CO, Uitdehaag BM, Barkhof F, Killestein J, Wattjes MP. Acta Neuropathol. However, the incidence of PML in the non-HIV setting is thought to be increasing 4,17: 1. Subcortical frontal and parieto-occipital regions are common locations. J. Neurol. What's the difference between pmol and pmol/L? Institute, Inc. Typically, the lesion presents a sharply demarcated peripheral border along the subcortical U fibers and a hazy and ill-defined inner border.22 Corpus callosum may be involved 17. Maximum Foreseeable Loss – MFL is an insurance term usually applied to protection of a business or business property. an attempt to find the most suitable guidelines for PML evaluations. Vendrely A, Bienvenu B, Gasnault J et-al. Berger JR, Levy RM, Flomenhoft D et-al. It is a possible side effect of some multiple sclerosis drugs, and is also more common in people with a compromised immune system. 42 (4): 527-530. This differs from most ratemaking situations, in which both upward and downward fluctuations about the mean or some other statistic must be considered. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in 47 HIV-seropositive patients: neuroimaging with clinical and pathologic correlation. The terms most frequently used to express the maximum loss which might be caused by a single fire (or other insured peril) were – and still are – the following: PML: Probable Maximum Loss PML: Possible Maximum Loss MPL: Maximum Probable Loss MPL: Maximum Possible Loss MCL: Maximum Credible Loss MFL: Maximum Foreseeable Loss EML: Estimated Maximum Loss. Patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy present with various neurological symptoms. Psychiatr. (worst scenario case) PML: the maximum loss expected at a given location in a case of an accident.

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